Part 2: Architecture and Structure of Samen Underground City

The architecture of the Samen Underground City is a remarkable example of ancient engineering, reflecting the ingenuity and skill of its creators. This underground labyrinth comprises more than 50 interconnected rooms and chambers carved into granite rock, interconnected by a network of narrow tunnels. Located six to eight meters below the surface, the city’s layout showcases its multifunctional use across different historical periods.

Each section of the city has distinct features, including carved platforms, niches, and doorways that indicate varying purposes. Some spaces appear to have been ceremonial chambers, potentially used for rituals or gatherings, while others might have served as living quarters or storage areas. The architectural design includes features such as grooves for oil lamps, which provided lighting, and ventilation shafts that ensured airflow, creating a sustainable underground environment. Artificial floors and carefully carved steps allowed for movement across different levels of the city.

One of the most fascinating aspects of the city’s design is its strategic security features. For instance, stone-sealed hatches and concealed entrances were used to block access during emergencies, ensuring the safety of inhabitants. These hatches connected different levels, creating escape routes that were difficult for invaders to navigate.

Samen’s architecture also bears similarities to other ancient subterranean cities, such as Nushabad in Kashan, but its scale and complexity make it unique. The extensive use of hand-carving techniques demonstrates not only the technical expertise of its builders but also the cultural importance of the city. Its design reflects the needs of its users, combining practicality with spiritual and defensive considerations, creating a space that served as both a sanctuary and a symbol of resilience.