Part 1: Discovery of Samen Underground City

The Samen Underground City is an extraordinary archaeological discovery located in the southwest of Malayer, in the town of Samen. Its unearthing in 2005 was entirely accidental, initiated during a telecommunications project when workers stumbled upon its hidden entrance. This serendipitous find revealed a sprawling subterranean network, believed by archaeologists to have originated before the Parthian era (247 BCE–224 CE). The city, carved meticulously into granite rock, spans an estimated area of three hectares and is situated six to eight meters below ground level.

Local legends had hinted at underground shelters, but their exact location and extent remained unknown until this discovery. Following the initial exposure, systematic excavations began in 2007. Archaeologists uncovered a network of interlinked rooms, narrow passageways, and chambers, showcasing the advanced craftsmanship of ancient civilizations. Its intricate layout suggests a blend of practical and ceremonial uses. Evidence points to the city being utilized for Mithraic rituals—an ancient Iranian religion centered on the worship of Mithra, the sun god. This belief aligns with the ceremonial features of the site, such as its hidden chambers and strategic architecture.

The city’s history spans multiple periods, with its peak activity during the Parthian dynasty. However, researchers also found evidence of later use, including as a refuge during periods of conflict and invasion. Despite its historical and cultural significance, a substantial portion of the city remains unexplored due to its challenging underground conditions. Samen Underground City is a testament to the ingenuity and spirituality of ancient Iranian societies, offering valuable insights into their religious practices, engineering skills, and adaptability in the face of historical challenges.