Part 3: Historical Significance of Samen Underground City

The Samen Underground City is a site of immense historical significance, offering a glimpse into the lives, beliefs, and resilience of ancient Iranian civilizations. Estimated to be 3,500 years old, it is one of the most extraordinary examples of subterranean architecture in the world. Archaeologists suggest the city’s foundation predates the Parthian era and identify three distinct periods of use throughout its history.

In its earliest phase, the city appears to have been a ceremonial center for the practice of Mithraism, an ancient Iranian religion focused on the worship of Mithra, the sun god. The layout of its chambers and the hidden nature of its tunnels suggest that the site was used for secret rituals and gatherings. This religious function aligns with the belief in the sanctity of underground spaces in Mithraic practices.

During its peak in the Parthian period, the city became a thriving center, possibly expanding in size and function. Archaeological evidence indicates that it was actively used for communal and defensive purposes, reflecting its importance to the local population. The strategic design of its escape routes and secure chambers highlights its role as a sanctuary during times of conflict.

The city’s final phase of use spans from the decline of the Parthian Empire to the Qajar era, serving as a refuge and burial site. Its use during the Arab invasions and other historical conflicts demonstrates its enduring significance. Despite centuries of change, the city remained largely hidden from public knowledge, used exclusively by select groups.

Samen Underground City continues to captivate researchers and visitors alike. Its layered history, architectural ingenuity, and cultural significance make it a vital link to understanding Iran’s ancient heritage and the enduring legacy of its civilizations.